Mantle zone

Earth was created around 4.5 billion years ago and life began not long after. Primitive life likely possessed the elemen..

Freshwater ecology focuses on the relations of aquatic organisms to their freshwater habitats. There are two forms of co..

If the balance of nature is left untouched, landscapes can change dramatically over time. A previous ecosystem is supers..

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Part of the genetic information is devoted to the synthesis of proteins. mRNA, a type of RNA, is produced as a transcri..

Seed plants are vascular plants. They differ from the other vascular plants in producing seeds that germinate into a new..

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