membrane potentials
ratio of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride and other ions in diffusible tissues or cells. Also called transmembrane and resting potentials, they are measured by recording electrophysiologic responses in voltage-dependent ionic channels of (e.g.) nerve, muscle and blood cells as well as artificial membranes.
Autotrophs flourished, absorbing carbon and light. Soon after, primitive life forms that could assimilate oxygen thrived..
A running water environment offers numerous microhabitats for many types of animals. Similar to plants, animals in lotic..
The Earth's ecosphere was rapidly changing and throwing up a wide range of ecological niches that new adaptive organisms..
Developmental biology is a biological science that is primarily concerned with how a living thing grows and attains matu..
Seed plants are vascular plants. They differ from the other vascular plants in producing seeds that germinate into a new..
Plants protect themselves by releasing hydrogen peroxide to fight against fungal invasion. Another way is by secreting c..
