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Actions of Caffeine in the Brain with Special Reference to Factors That Contribute to Its Widespread Use

IV. Actions of Caffeine on Brain Functions and Behavior Having discussed the molecular and neuronal actions of caffeine,... Read More

Generation of resting membrane potential

Stephen H. Wright Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724... Read More

Directed case study method for teaching human anatomy and physiology

DIRECTED CASE STUDY METHOD FOR TEACHING HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY William H. Cliff and Ann W. Wright Department of... Read More

DNA Structure & DNA Replication

Previous pages in this tutorial have described the basics of a cell, the energy required by these cells and how energy is... Read More

Primary productivity

Planet Earth is home to different types of life forms ranging from microscopic bacteria to giant whales and elephants. To... Read More

System

A system pertains to interdependent or interrelated objects comprising and functioning as a whole. In biology, it may refer... Read More

Branches of biology

What is a Branch of Biology? A branch of biology is a specialized field or a sub-discipline in a much broader field of... Read More

Sex-linked trait

Definition of Sex-Linked Traits A sex-linked trait is an observable characteristic of an organism that is influenced by the... Read More

Multiple alleles

Alleles are the pairs of genes occupying a specific spot called locus on a chromosome. Typically, there are only two alleles... Read More

Biosphere

What is biosphere? The biosphere is that part of the Earth where living things thrive and live. It is the portion of the... Read More

Secondary succession

We all have come across news where forest lands got destroyed by wildfires. Or sometimes we have read about an entire... Read More

Isotonicity

Definition noun The state of being isotonic, or having equal tension or tonicity Supplement In biology, tonicity pertains to... Read More

Genetic diversity

Genetic Diversity Definition Each species is composed of individuals with their own set of genes. A gene is the inheritance... Read More

Fetus

The science of Embryology and Fetal development has fascinated mankind since time immemorial. After the embryonic stage, the... Read More

Osmosis

Osmosis is the net movement of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane. It is similar to diffusion as the... Read More

Thermophile

Thermophiles Definition What are thermophiles? Let us first understand the literal meaning of the word ‘thermophile’.... Read More

Biology: Concepts & Connections with Student CD-ROM (5th Edition)

Biology: Concepts & Connections with Student CD-ROM (5th Edition)   ... Read More

Hypotonicity

Definition noun The state of being hypotonic, i.e. having lesser degree of tone or tension Supplement In biology, tonicity... Read More

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetics Definition Phylogenetics is the scientific study of phylogeny. It studies evolutionary relationships among... Read More

Hypertonicity

Definition noun The state of being hypertonic, i.e. having a greater degree of tone or tension Supplement In biology,... Read More

Chronobiology

Chronobiology Definition Chronobiology is a branch of biology that studies time-related phenomena (e.g., biological... Read More

Neuropsychology

Definition noun The scientific study of the physiological basis of psychological processes Supplement Neuroscience is the... Read More

X-linked inheritance

Definition noun (genetics) Inheritance for genes on the X chromosome Supplement Sex chromosomes are not only relevant for... Read More

Origins of Life on Earth

Although Earth was created around 4.5 billion years ago, life began to exist not long after. Due to the huge timescales... Read More

The Hominids

Although humans in today's world are the most advanced species on the planet, we previously shared the exact same genetic... Read More

Consciousness and Behavior

States of Consciousness Defined either by (1) behavior - ranging from attentive and alert to coma and (2) electrical... Read More

Men could go extinct? Y chromosome disappearing slowly

Hold on to your seats, gentlemen -- the male chromosome (Y chromosome) disappearing at a certain rate could absolutely be... Read More

On Mate Selection Evolution: Are intelligent males more attractive?

A study published in Science on January 11 seems to be the first to lay empirical evidence that concur with Charles Darwin's... Read More

Microwave

Definition noun A form of electromagnetic radiation that is generally characterized by wavelengths ranging from one meter to... Read More

Bolus injection

A bolus injection is the act of administering a dose of medication or substance directly into the bloodstream by injection.... Read More

Tonicity

Definition noun (1) A property of a solution that depends on the osmotic force exerted across the membrane as influenced by... Read More

Hypertonic

Hypertonic Definition Hypertonic is a term used to describe an entity being in the state of hypertonicity, where there is a... Read More

Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (7th Ed) by V. Kumar et al.

Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, Seventh Edition  ... Read More

Introductory Chemistry – a Foundation

Introductory Chemistry - a Foundation     ... Read More

Ahool

The ahool is a flying cryptid, supposedly a giant bat, or by other accounts, a living pterosaur or flying primate. Such a... Read More

Why Embryonic Stem Cell Use is Unethical

By Maria Victoria Gonzaga Embryonic Stem Cell research offers a remarkable way to treat various disorders where... Read More

Genus

Genus Definition A genus is a taxonomic category ranking used in biological classification that is below family and above... Read More

Population

Living organisms typically prefer to live, grow, and survive in groups. Except for some species that prefer solitude - both... Read More

Clinical medicine

Definition noun (medicine) The study and practice of medicine that is founded on the direct observation of... Read More