proto-oncogene
(Science: molecular biology) The normal, cellular equivalent of an oncogene, thus usually a gene involved in the signalling or regulation of cell growth. In general, cellular proto-oncogenes are prefixed with a c, rather than their abnormal viral counterparts, that are prefixed with a v, for example c myc and v myc.
They are fragments of dNA, related to oncogenes but are the normal switches used to control growth and tissue repair.
The body is comprised of different elements with hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen as the major four. This tutorial will help you understand the chemical composition of the body. This will come in handy when considering the various interactions between cells and structures. ..
Plants are responsible for incredible feats of molecular transformation. Plant processes, such as photosynthesis, photophosphorylation, chemiosmosis, carbon fixing reactions, respiration, are presented in this tutorial...
Plant organs are comprised of tissues working together for a common function. The different types of plant tissues are meristematic, simple, secretory, and complex tissues. Find out the distinctive characteristics of each tissue in terms of structure and function...
Bryophytes are a plant group characterized by being nonvascular. They include the mosses, the liverworts, and the hornworts. These groups of plants require external water, usually in the form of dew or rain. Some bryophytes grow exclusively in dark, damp environments in order to provide moisture. Find out more about them here...
Plant cells have plastids essential in photosynthesis. They also have an additional layer called cell wall on their cell exterior. Although animal cells lack these cell structures, both of them have nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, etc. Read this tutorial to learn plant cell structures and their roles in plants...
