Continued from the previous tutorial that introduces protein synthesis…

mRNA and tRNA

mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm where ribosomes can be found, the site of protein synthesis.

The mRNA strand is met in the ribosome by complimentary tRNA anticodons, which have opposing bases to that of the mRNA strand (the codons).

For example,
if the mRNA sequence is A-A-U-C-A-U, (codon)
then the tRNA sequence is U-U-A-G-U-A (anticodon)

Each tRNA molecule consists of 3 bases, deemed an anticodon which compliments the opposing bases on the mRNA strand. These, in turn, have the amino acid sequence to successfully code for a particular amino acid.

Each amino acid has a certain sequence of bases to make it unique. Therefore, as a summary:

• The initial DNA contained a certain sequence of nucleotides
• The mRNA has a pre-determined sequence (because it is transcribed from the DNA)
• Again, as a consequence, the anticodons possess a pre-determined sequence due to the mRNA
• As each amino acid corresponds to a particular anticodon, a unique amino acid sequence is created forming a protein

These amino acids (peptides) can combine to form a polypeptide chain (proteins), which are used in a variety of structures such as enzymes and hormones (explained in the protein variety tutorial)

Ribosomes and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis, and can occur freely in the cytoplasm though more commonly on the outer surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum. The endoplasmic reticulum presents a large surface area on which these ribosomes can be situated, therefore allowing protein synthesis to occur on a large scale.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum is particularly abundant in growing cells which demand a high turnover of materials in its growth. Rough ER is responsible for transporting the newly synthesized proteins to the Golgi apparatus.

The Golgi Apparatus

The Golgi apparatus is composed of flattened fluid-filled sacs that controls the flow of molecules in a cell. This is also the case of protein. Carbohydrates are added to the protein to complete its production.

This finished product, glycoprotein, is ‘pinched off’ the Golgi apparatus, and is transported by a vesicle of the cell membrane. When this vesicle reaches the cell membrane, it binds to a receptor on the surface and excretes the protein, where it can then undergo its function.

These newly formed glycoproteins (proteins with added carbohydrates) are used in a variety of ways, and in light of this, there is a wide variety of proteins in relation to their function. This is investigated in the next tutorial …

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